Fort, vesting en -onderdelen, Budapestlaan 17

English translation

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Description

Cluster 39.

Introduction

EARTHWORK WITH MAIN RAMPART, IN WHICH (REMAINS OF) GUN EMPLACEMENTS, WITH PARADE GROUND, GLACIS IN WHICH (REMAINS OF) TRENCHES, MOATS WITH (BYPASS AND MAINTENANCE) ROADS AND WITH ORIGINALLY BY BOUNDARY MARKERS INDICATED ZONE as basis and component of the Work at the Hoofddijk, with various characteristic components for it. Forts and comparable works were usually constructed on the basis of previously placed earthen bodies, which served as a foundation and were to prevent subsidence in (a wet and soft) soil. In the construction of the works, besides this usually tactically 'pre-formed' earthen body - which in itself already had or could have a defensive role - a specific design was also realised which was intended to increase defensive strength, ensure the safety of the garrison and facilitate internal and external transport and traffic. In this way, there arose among other things earthen coverings for various structures, to make them less vulnerable to impacts of enemy fire, earthen ramparts that protected buildings and open areas and determined the contours, covered accesses, paved paths and parade grounds. Around the earthen body came - where possible - one or more wet moats, while the works were usually surrounded by a military boundary, which was indicated by boundary markers. Over the moat(s) lay (usually) (removable) bridge(s) - various types occur - but sometimes there was a fixed bank connection, for example in the form of a dam. These can be part of the road system. The design of the Work at the Hoofddijk does not deviate in principle from the general line; however, it is remarkable that bastions are completely absent. Parts of the fort grounds and earthworks were (among other reasons due to the terrain) used for the establishment of a botanical garden.

Description

EARTHWORK WITH MAIN RAMPART, IN WHICH (REMAINS OF) GUN EMPLACEMENTS, WITH PARADE GROUND, GLACIS IN WHICH (REMAINS OF) TRENCHES, MOATS AND (BYPASS AND MAINTENANCE) ROADS AND WITH ORIGINALLY BY BOUNDARY MARKERS INDICATED ZONE, created from around 1878 onwards as components of the Work at the Hoofddijk. The Work at the Hoofddijk consists essentially of an elongated, pentagonal earthwork, north of a dike present in the terrain since ancient times, which cannot be inundated. The ground plan of the earthwork is almost symmetrical and is oriented with its front towards the northeast. The earthwork has various levels and an external slope with a very obtuse angle on the front side (northeast) and with an open throat on the southwest side. Around this lies a wet moat, with a glacis on the northeast side, which is characterised by vegetation that partially obscures the work from the northwest. The bomb-proof buildings have an earthen covering. In the First World War, trenches and reinforced concrete shelters were built in the glacis, with firing ports added in some of them in the lead-up to the Second World War. At that time, small concrete works were also newly realised. Traces or remains of the trenches and other works may still be present in the soil. The main form of the Work at the Hoofddijk still reflects the most important historical-spatial characteristics and structures that were the starting point for the design. The boundary of the development coincides with that of the area originally indicated by poles. This zone, the Military Crown Land, over which the Ministry of War had authority, is indicated on the attached map.

Valuation

EARTHWORK WITH MAIN RAMPART, IN WHICH (REMAINS OF) GUN EMPLACEMENTS, WITH PARADE GROUND, GLACIS IN WHICH (REMAINS OF) TRENCHES, MOATS AND (BYPASS AND MAINTENANCE) ROADS AND WITH ORIGINALLY BY BOUNDARY MARKERS INDICATED ZONE is of general interest because of:

* Cultural-historical values as part of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie as designed by C.R.T. Kraijenhoff and initially realised from 1815 by him, Jan Blanken and Major-Engineer Willem Offerhaus and subsequently strengthened and improved by others over approximately 125 years.

* Military-historical values as part of a continuous military defence line between the former Zuiderzee and the Biesbosch. This consisted mainly of a coherent system of inundation fields and associated inundation works and fire zones. This system was supplemented with various types of (defence) works dating from different periods that served to or contributed to the closure of non-inundable areas or other accesses.

* Architectural-historical values, in particular as an expression of military-strategic construction, which is based on: - the system of inundation and access defence (nineteenth and twentieth centuries), - the race with strengthening offensive means (nineteenth and twentieth centuries), - the system of 'living' field fortification in depth (twentieth century).

These are components from the period 1878-1879 and 1914-1918, which are examples of an earthen construction with moat, banks, roads and military zone.

* Ensemble value and situational values as part of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie and because of the functional and physical coherence with the other components of the complex.

* Archaeological values because of possible remains or traces of trenches and/or other earthen and defence works present in the ground.

* The component is representative because it shows physical aspects of access defence along a dike body.

* The component is reasonably well preserved because it, despite later spatial encapsulation and reuse, is in a well-recognisable state.