20 Joy Street

The Department's description

Exterior description and setting

Mid-terrace three-storey redbrick house, built c.1840. Rectangular on plan, facing west lining the east side of Joy Street forming part of a terrace of nine similar houses. Alterations carried out by Hearth Housing Association c.1985.

Pitched natural slate roof with roll-moulded black clay ridge tiles and two rendered brick chimneystacks with clay pots. Cast-iron guttering to brick eaves course and cast-iron downpipe. Redbrick walling laid in Flemish bond with cement pointing and moulded plinth course. Square-headed window openings with rendered reveals, painted masonry sills and replacement 6/6 timber sash windows.

Front elevation is two windows wide with a round-headed door opening having a moulded surround with keystone, scribed pilasters and impost mouldings and a replacement timber panelled door with lintel cornice and replacement fanlight opening onto a tiled step. Iron bootscraper set within the wall with rendered surround.

North side elevation abutted by adjoining house No.18 (HB26/30/008C).

Rendered rear elevation abutted by a single-storey return and having square-headed and round-headed window openings wtih replacement 6/6 timber sash windows.

South side elevation abutted by adjoining house No.22 (HB26/30/008E).

Setting:
Forming part of a terrace of nine similar houses lining the east side of Joy Street.

Roof Natural slate
RWG Cast-iron
Walling Redbrick
Windows Replacement timber sash

Historical information

No. 20 Joy Street is one of a terrace of seven three-storey Georgian houses which first appear on the 1858 edition of the Ordnance Survey map for Belfast (HB26/30/008A-G); however the terrace was erected sometime prior to 1858 during the late Georgian period and the first edition of the Ordnance Survey maps shows that construction of the neighbouring buildings in the area (such as nos 36-46 Hamilton Street HB26/30/009A-F) had begun by 1832-33. Joy Street had certainly been constructed by 1843 when the Belfast Street Directories first recorded the terrace, although at that time Joy Street was numbered differently.

The Belfast Street Directories record that No. 20 Joy Street was occupied by a John Adam White, a bookkeeper, in 1852. Griffith’s Valuation recorded that a Ms. White continued to be in possession of the house by 1859 although she vacated it in that year. White had let No. 20 Joy Street from a Mr. Ebenezer Crawford at annual rent of £18 (Crawford also owned the rest of the terrace at that time); the valuer described the property as a three-storey B+ class (‘not new but in sound repair’) dwelling which measured 6 by 8 yds and was valued at £16. The Annual Revisions indicate that a Mr. James Jameson resided at No. 20 Joy Street until c. 1906, however he in fact vacated the address long before that date; the Belfast Street Directories record that Agnes Gunning resided at the address in 1877 and 1880 and that she operated a lodging house from the premises. The Annual Revisions also record that in 1884 the house was reduced in value to £15; although it is not known why the house was reduced in value the entire terrace was similarly devalued in the same year.

James Quest, a Roman Catholic R.I.C. Officer, had come into possession of the house by the 1901 Census. Like most of the houses in the Markets area Quest let out rooms in his house to boarders, many of whom were musical artists or actors who performed in the nearby concert halls and theatres. The 1901 Census Building Return described the house as a 1st class dwelling which possessed nine rooms; however by 1911 the census noted that the house possessed eight rooms. In 1900 when Quest was first recorded as occupant No. 20 Joy Street was again reduced in value to £12 10s. however by 1906 this value had increased to £14 at the same time that a Ms. Charlotte Harding purchased the entire terrace from Ebenezer Crawford. James Quest vacated the house between 1901 and 1907 when Hugh Rice, a Roman Catholic Chef came into possession. Rice continued to occupy the site until the 1940s and a member of his family lived there until the 1970s (Belfast Street Directories)

In 1920 nos. 14-26 Joy Street were put up for public auction, the yearly rent for the terrace and a number of other buildings attached to the row being £416 3s. The First General Revaluation of Northern Ireland in 1935 recorded that the terrace had come into the ownership of a Mr. Joseph Tyney, who presumably won the auction (the 1911 Census described Tyney as a Manufacturer of ship parts). No. 20 Joy Street does not appear to have been used as a lodging house at that time as the valuer described it simple as a private dwelling occupied by Rice and valued at £21; this was increased to £22 by the second revaluation which took place 1956-72. Hugh Rice lived at No. 20 Joy Street until his death in the 1940s at which time his daughter Elizabeth took possession of the property and continued to reside there until the 1970s (Belfast Street Directories).

Jim O’Hagan records that Joy Street gained its name from a former paper mill in the area which was owned by Henry Joy, a relative of Henry Joy McCracken, the United Irishman; the mill formerly stood at the junction of Ormeau Avenue and Cromac Street and due to the construction of the mill’s dam, acres of land to the south-east of Belfast’s town centre was reclaimed at the turn of the 19th century (O’Hagan, p. 13). Joy Street and the surrounding Markets area was laid out during the late Georgian period, gradually developing southwards from May Street on the reclaimed land. The grandiose redbrick terraces that were erected c. 1830-40 were originally occupied by well respected merchants; however, due in part to the mass influx of working class labourers into Belfast in the wake of the Great Famine, by the 1850s the merchant class abandoned the area, favouring instead the new suburbs in Malone to the south.

With the flight of the merchant classes the buildings on Joy Street and Hamilton Street were taken over by working class occupants whilst a number of the larger dwellings were converted into lodging and boarding houses. The establishment of the Queen’s College in 1849 also resulted in a large number of student residents choosing the markets area for cheap lodging; this continued until c. 1850-70 when the student population moved to accommodation in the immediate vicinity of the university. After this second exodus the lodging houses in Joy Street and Hamilton Street predominantly became the destination of business lodgers and the performers that frequented the nearby Music Halls. The early occupational history of No. 20 Joy Street shows that the building was one of the many houses in the area that was utilised for a time as a lodging house although it was later used solely as a private dwelling (Brett and McKinstry, pp 2-6).

In the mid-1960s the Sub-Committee of the Ancient Monuments Advisory Council recommended that nos. 14-26 Joy Street should be maintained ‘as an excellent illustration of Georgian Housing in pre-industrial Belfast’ (Brett and McKinstry, p. 6). Patton states that after years of decline nos 14-26 Joy Street were restored for the Housing Executive between 1982 and 1986 by W. D. R. & R. T. Taggart. Patton described the intact terrace as ‘the finest block of Georgian houses in Belfast’ and a good example of ‘the grandeur and dignity of the Markets area when it was first developed’ (Patton, p. 203).

No. 20 Joy Street was listed in 1985, along with the rest of the terrace, and continues to be occupied as a private dwelling.

References

Primary Sources

1. PRONI OS/6/1/61/1 – First Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1832-33
2. PRONI OS/6/1/61/2 – Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1858
3. PRONI OS/6/1/61/3 – Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1901-02
4. PRONI OS/6/1/61/4 – Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1931
5. PRONI OS/6/1/61/5 – Fifth Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1938
6. PRONI VAL/2/B/7/1B – Griffith’s Valuation 1859
7. PRONI VAL/12/B/43/A/1 - Annual Revisions 1863-1881
8. PRONI VAL/12/B/43/A/24 - Annual Revisions 1882-1896
9. PRONI VAL/12/B/43/A/35 - Annual Revisions 1897-1905
10. PRONI VAL/12/B/43/P/2 - Annual Revisions 1906-1915
11. PRONI VAL/12/B/43/P/5 - Annual Revisions 1915-1930
12. PRONI VAL/3/B/3/21 – First General Revaluation of Northern Ireland 1935
13. PRONI VAL/4/B/7/50 – Second General Revaluation of Northern Ireland 1956-1972
14. PRONI D2964/CB/221 – Public Auction: Particulars and conditions of sale for 14-26 Joy Street 1920
15. Belfast Street Directories (1843; 1852; 1861; 1877; 1880; 1901; 1910; 1918; 1920; 1930; 1940; 1950; 1960; 1970; 1980; 1990
16. Census of Ireland (1901; 1911)

Secondary Sources

1. Brett, C. E. B; McKinstry, TR. J., ‘Survey and recommendations for the Joy Street and Hamilton Street District of Belfast’ Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, 1971.
2. Larmour, P., ‘Belfast: An illustrated architectural guide’ Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, 1987.
3. O’Hagan, J., ‘The streets where we lived’ Belfast: Belfast: Unknown Publisher, 2006.
4. Patton, M., ‘Central Belfast: An historical gazetteer’ Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, 1993
5. First Survey Record – HB26/30/008D (1985).

Criteria for listing: architectural interest

A. Style
B. Proportion
C. Ornamentation
J. Setting
K. Group value

Criteria for listing: historic interest

R. Age
S. Authenticity
X. Local Interest

Evaluation

Mid terrace three-storey redbrick Georgian townhouse, built c.1840. Located on the junction of Joy Street and Catherine Street North in Belfast city centre, forming part of a terrace of nine similar houses. The building displays proportions and detailing typical of the Georgian period. Restored in recent years in a sensitive manner by Hearth Housing Association c.1985 much of the architectural fabric remains intact. Externally the building has retained much of its historic fabric with appropriate alterations. Number 20 adds significant value to the group as a whole, retaining the style and proportions of the terrace thus ensuring the continued survival of this rare example of late Georgian terraced housing in the centre of Belfast.