Gate Screen

The Department's description

Exterior description and setting

Located at the western end of Botanic Court, on an east west axis, the gates afford direct access into Botanic Gardens and comprise four no piers including two no. square-plan piers which define the vehicular access; flanked by similar piers which provide pedestrian admission to the gardens. Originally a wooden structure, most likely c1910 the entrance pillars were replaced by stone piers in 1925.

Comprising of four no. identical square-plan smooth sandstone cut piers forming the pedestrian and vehicular entrance to Botanic Gardens, with projecting plinth and flat-topped copings and having a simple rectangular relief panel on the outer faces of each pillar. Metal gates of simple design, framed in two stages with a lower, short section where shorter additional uprights topped with painted spikes alternate with the full height painted spiked topped verticals, which in turn terminate with a transom section having a circular ring decoration inset. The pedestrian gates are narrower copies of the main gate design.

SETTING: The gate screen stands facing East onto Botanic Court (extension of Agincourt Avenue) and flanked by a row of terraced housing to the left and Botanic Primary school to the right.

Historical information

The entrance gatescreen to Botanic Gardens at Botanic Court was constructed in 1925 replacing an earlier wooden structure dating from c1910. The gates are most likely replacement, the original gates having been removed as a contribution to the war effort in WW2.

Belfast Botanic Gardens were laid out in the wake of a late 18th and early 19th century upsurge in interest in botany, horticulture and gardening that led to the establishment of botanic gardens in Britain and Ireland. Botanic gardens had been established in Dublin at Glasnevin (1796) and at Ballsbridge (Trinity College, 1806), with the Royal Cork Institution Botanic Garden opening in 1809. Botanic gardens differed from gardens or arboretums constructed solely on aesthetic principles, in that they existed to study and provide instruction in the care and classification of plants, and in horticulture and silviculture. They also served as a show piece for specimens brought back by colonial explorers. The gardens at Glasnevin and Belfast are the only botanic gardens in Ireland from this period to have survived in anything like their original form, although some researchers do not classify Belfast as a ‘true’ botanic garden, as plant collections were not maintained on site.

In February 1827, the Belfast Botanic and Horticultural Society formed under the presidency of the Marquis of Donegall and resolved to lay out a Botanic and Horticultural Garden in Belfast. On 1st May 1829, a lease was signed on a 14-acre site at the junction of Malone and Stranmillis Roads. Funds to establish the gardens were raised through the issuing of shares supplemented by loans and by the end of May 1829, a large number of shrubs and trees had been planted. Admission was charged to the gardens after 1830 for non-members of the Society. For a short period, after 1865, funds were raised in order to allow working people to be admitted free on Saturday afternoons and employers were encouraged to buy free tickets for their employees but these schemes lapsed when Ormeau opened as a free public park in 1871. Entry to Botanic Gardens was, therefore, generally by ticket until the gardens were taken over by the Corporation in 1895, and the number of access points to the gardens was restricted in order to control revenue.

The first edition OS map of 1832-3 captions the ‘Botanic Gardens’ within a landscape of fields and country houses, approximately a mile outside the town of Belfast. Tree lined paths are shown, following roughly the same layout as today, and two ponds towards the SE end, the lower of which was drained in the 1930s. The former upper pond is now the location of a Japanese sunken garden. Initially there was only one main entrance to the gardens, although the gardens could also be entered along a pathway adjacent to Friars Bush graveyard. Adjacent to the main entrance driveway a small structure, possibly a lodge, is shown, but this was soon replaced by a larger entrance building. A Pinetum was established in 1838, to the SE of the main entrance and by 1851 displayed over 170 species of conifers. Adjacent to the pinetum a collection of deciduous and evergreen oaks was planted, some trees from both collections remaining in the park to the present day.

In the early years the gardens were surrounded with a nine-foot wooden fence, the breaking of which was a continual problem. The construction of a wall between the gardens and Friar’s Bush was agreed with the trustees of the burial ground in 1829. Today the park is bounded by metal railings along most of its perimeter.

The distinctive early-Victorian Palm House, also initially known as the conservatory, was designed by Sir Charles Lanyon and partially executed by Richard Turner of Dublin, a pioneer in the use of curved iron ribs and curved glass. The Palm House is one of the earliest surviving examples of curvilinear cast and wrought ironwork, pre-dating Glasnevin and Kew. Turner was engaged as contractor between 1839 and 1840, constructing only the wings of Lanyon’s design, the west wing opening as a cool house and the east wing as a tropical house. In 1840, the Society and Gardens received the title of Royal from Queen Victoria, at the instigation of the Marquis of Donegall.

As Turner subsequently became heavily involved in other projects, Charles Denoon Young (1822-1887), ironworker of Edinburgh, also responsible for the Dublin Exhibition Building (1853) and the Kensington Gore Museum of Science and Art (1856), was engaged to complete Lanyon’s original design for the centre house, with the addition of a dome, some years after the wings were built. The dome, constructed between 1852 and 1853, shows the influence of Turner’s Palm House at Kew which had been completed five years earlier and was glazed by Messrs. H McKendry & Co of Waring Street using Hartley’s patent rolled plate glass.
The second edition map of 1858 captions the ‘Royal Botanic Gardens’ now adjacent to the ‘Queen’s College’ (completed 1849). The College was constructed on grounds adjoining the northern boundary of the gardens and was one of several public buildings to fill the surrounding area in the mid 1800s, the gardens gradually becoming surrounded by the rapid outward expansion of the town. The then newly-completed conservatory was accessed from the main entrance at University Road, where patrons entered the gardens through an entrance building constructed between 1832 and 1858. A second subsidiary entrance to the SW gave access to the curator’s house and a promenade at the SE corner led to the tidal banks of the Lagan. As the area to the NE of the gardens (formerly known as the ‘Plains’) began to be developed for housing, a second lodge (built 1865 and extended to the rear before 1902) and gatescreen were built at a new Botanic Avenue entrance to the park at a cost of £200. Gates costing £75 were put up as a gift of Robert Corry, who was the main developer of housing in the Plains area.

In 1877, the then garden foreman, Charles McKimm, was appointed curator, remaining in the post until his death in 1907. Already projected at the time of McKimm’s appointment was a new gate lodge to the gardens, replacing the earlier entrance building. The architect was William Batt (d.1910), who conducted a ‘vigorous practice in the High Victorian style’ (Brett) and designed numerous Belfast churches and villas, as well as Ballynafeigh and Clifton Street Orange Halls. Construction was completed in April 1878, the lodge containing public toilets and ‘commodious’ living accommodation for the gatekeeper. Carving on the lodge and gate piers was by Alexander Stevens, sculptor of Chichester Street, who was active in the 1870s and is also known to have executed carving on the Theatre Royal and on Fitzroy Presbyterian church. The contractors for the lodge and gatescreen were Messrs. Dixon & Co and the cost was £1,300 including the gates.

McKimm’s next major building project was to oversee the construction of a Fernery (now known as the Tropical Ravine and also formerly known as the ‘Intermediate House’ or the Glen) on the site of a former Orchid House and propagating house. Construction took place between 1887 and 1889, largely carried out by McKimm and his gardeners. The fernery, a building of stone walls and a glazed roof enclosing a sunken ravine, was initially roughly half its present length.

Raising money to maintain the gardens was a continual problem which the Society addressed with regular garden fetes and other events, featuring numerous balloon ascents (to facilitate which, a gas pipeline was installed in the main lawn), archery, boats on the Lagan, dancing and band music, firework displays, military tournaments, flower shows and on at least one occasion a ‘submarine explosion’ in one of the ponds. Notable events included a tightrope display by Mr Blondin, the first man to walk across the Niagara Falls on a tightrope and Herr Holtum the ‘Cannon King’ who could catch a cannon ball fired towards him. Political meetings were another regular occurrence, the largest being the Ulster Unionist Convention in 1892 which attracted a crowd estimated at 300,000. Entry and/or hire fees were charged for these events which helped to raise money to maintain the gardens and for new buildings.

Belfast Corporation took over the gardens in 1895, renaming it the Belfast Botanic Gardens Park and opening it free to the public from 1st January of that year. Following a programme of restoration to the palm house, the Corporation extended the Ravine, under McKimm’s supervision, providing a heated lily pond and separating the house into tropical and temperate areas. The new fernery, double the length of the original structure and brick-built with a lantern ridge, was opened in 1902. No architect for the new building is revealed in contemporary sources, but Larmour speculates that the Dutch gable at the E elevation may be the design of William Batt.

A site for the Belfast Museum and Art Gallery within the garden was reserved in 1912 and the new museum was opened in 1929 with an extension added (completed 1972) that required the former curator’s house (built 1844) to be demolished. Images of the museum shortly after opening show a low wall and railings that had been built between the museum and the main entrance to the park, replacing the wall of 1887. The museum appears to have retained to the present day its original pre-war gates and railings at the Stranmillis Road entrance.

Once the park passed into the ownership of the Corporation and became a free public amenity and as the area around the gardens became developed with housing and the park was extended westwards and southwards, several new entrances were opened up. The area to the NE of the gardens, known as ‘The Plains’ was sparsely developed at the time of the 2nd edition OS map of 1858 but by the time of the 3rd edition of 1901-2 was filled with working and middle-class terraces. Agincourt Avenue was laid out c1880 (Botanic Court is a more recent name for the stretch of road in front of Botanic Primary School, at the end of Agincourt Avenue), but there was no access into the park from the Avenue until c1910 when wooden gates were constructed. The present gate screen of stone piers was erected in 1925 and is shown, newly completed, in a Belfast Telegraph image of 12th May.
The area to the SW of the gardens remained relatively free of development until c1900 when a ‘ladder’ of streets was set out to the E of Stranmillis Road, shown on the large-scale map of 1902. At this stage, building had commenced at the western side of the ladder but no development had yet commenced in Colenso ‘Street’, which formed a boundary to the ladder at the NE. By 1920 (large-scale map) all the houses presently facing onto Colenso Parade were in place, and an entrance had been provided into Botanic Gardens in the location of the Colenso gate-screen. This was a wooden structure, most likely similar to one that was provided at the Agincourt Avenue entrance c1910. This temporary entrance was replaced by the present gatescreen in January 1934, and an image of the new piers and gates appears in the Belfast Newsletter of 23rd January.

The Colenso Parade entrance was one of three new entrances from this period, two at least of which used identical designs for gates and piers (no information survives regarding the third entrance). In the 1920s and 30s further land was acquired to the south of the park, including 12 acres alongside the River Lagan, formerly laid out in allotments. A road, Stranmillis Embankment, was constructed in the early 1930s along the W bank of the Lagan, bordering these new parklands. In February 1932, the Belfast Newsletter reported that ‘tall iron railings’ were being erected to enclose the area ‘from the high ground at the Stranmillis roadside to the footpath along the embankment roadway which is nearing completion’. Two new entrances to the park along Stranmillis Embankment were created around the time of these works, one opposite King’s Bridge and the other at the location of the present-day children’s playground. Neither of these two gatescreens has survived but an image of the King’s Bridge entrance gatescreen shortly after completion and prior to the putting up of adjacent railings, was published in the Northern Whig in May 1932. This image shows identical piers and gates to those that would be constructed 18 months later at Colenso Parade.

An image held by the NMNI, dated 1947, shows that the railings between the University Road entrance and the museum had been removed by that date, as had the original University Road gates to the park, and these had been replaced with plain wooden gates. The original gates had most likely been removed as a contribution to the war effort, a similar fate probably befalling the original gates at the Botanic Avenue and Botanic Court entrances. The drive to collect ironwork had been of great propaganda value during WW2 but it is now thought that only about a quarter of iron collected in the UK was used for munitions and the majority was dumped. As late as June 1954, the gates and railings had still not been replaced, and complaints were made in the newspapers about young people accessing the park out of hours and causing damage.

The wooden gates at the University Road entrance were eventually replaced with relatively plain iron gates, visible in television footage of 1965, and possibly re-used as the basis of the present-day gates (BBC Rewind – this footage also shows detail of the original wrought iron gates to the gate lodge archways). The Botanic Court and Botanic Avenue gates were most likely replaced around the same period.

In the early 1960s, Queen’s University reached an agreement with the Corporation to exchange their athletic fields in the south of Belfast, Cherryvale, for part of Botanic Gardens. Queen’s used the new acquisition to build a PE centre which was initially used as part of the ‘Ulster ‘71’ exhibition to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stormont parliament. Road widening measures were also undertaken around this time and King’s bridge was rebuilt (originally built in 1911, substructure re-built 1973 when the Governor’s Bridge was added as an additional crossing to the Lagan to form a one-way system). As a consequence of these events, new fencing and gates were erected along the embankment, which is most likely when the two gatescreens along Stranmillis embankment were demolished, leaving the Colenso Parade entrance as the only remaining gatescreen that dates from the park’s expansion in the 1930s.

After being threatened with demolition, the Palm House benefitted from a major restoration programme in the late 1970s including ironwork cleaning, preservation and replacement where necessary. The Tropical Ravine was soon included in the programme, both buildings being completed simultaneously in May 1983. The Tropical Ravine underwent a further £3.8 million renovation project between 2016 and 2018.

In the late 1980s, a Dept of Environment scheme was launched to upgrade the streetscape within the Queen’s Conservation Area. Work on the entrance to Botanic Gardens was ongoing in June 1989 and it appears likely that the remodelled gates at the University Road entrance were installed at this time. The new gates with overthrow bearing the name ‘Botanic Gardens’ in art nouveau style lettering are visible in a photo dating from 1990/1 (NLI collection).

The gardens have gained additional acreage several times as outlined above, however the layout of the original site acquired in 1829 has remained largely unaltered from the 1840s. Although various features have come and gone, elements such as the flower beds shown in the front of the Palm House on the large-scale map of 1873, the open lawn at the centre of the park and some original trees remain in place today. The park remains heavily used for leisure and as a thoroughfare, and the entrances to the park added in the 20th century continue to provide important access points while signifying the increasing permeability of the park as it changed from private to public space.

References:
Primary Sources:

1. PRONI OS/6/1/61/1 – First Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1832-3)
2. PRONI OS/6/1/61/2 – Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1858)
3. PRONI OS/6/1/61/3 – Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1901-2)
4. PRONI OS/6/1/61/4 – Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey Map (1938)
5. Large scale Ordnance Survey maps 1858, 1873, 1884, 1896, 1902, 1903, 1920, 1931, 1937, 1938, 1958, 1959, 1970, 1986 (www.centremapslive.co.uk)
6. Belfast Newsletter, 15th May 1829
7. Northern Whig, 23rd May 1840
8. Northern Whig, 1st May 1851
9. Belfast Newsletter 6th December 1852
10. Northern Whig, 29th March 1853
11. Northern Whig, 3rd May 1853
12. Belfast Morning News, 14th February 1866
13. Belfast Newsletter, 12th February 1878
14. Belfast Morning News, 11th February 1879
15. Irish Builder 1876, 1879
16. Belfast Newsletter, 8th February 1888
17. Northern Whig, 11th September 1889
18. Northern Whig, 18th February 1896
19. Belfast Newsletter, 14th September 1896
20. Belfast Newsletter, 11th September 1902
21. Belfast Newsletter, 7th November 1903
22. Belfast Telegraph, 1st November 1910
23. Belfast Newsletter, 19th October 1911
24. Belfast Telegraph, 18th June 1923
25. Belfast Telegraph, 12th May 1925
26. Belfast Newsletter, 17th February 1932
27. Northern Whig, 6th May 1932
28. Belfast Newsletter, 21st June 1932
29. Northern Whig, 4th February 1933
30. Northern Whig, 31st March 1933
31. Belfast Telegraph, 6th April 1933
32. Belfast Newsletter, 23rd January 1934
33. Belfast Newsletter, 10th June 1954
34. Belfast Newsletter, 11th January 1965
35. Belfast Telegraph, 13th August 1965
36. Belfast Telegraph, 14th September 1965
37. Belfast Telegraph, 24th September 1965
38. Belfast Newsletter, 8th December 1972
39. Belfast Telegraph, 25th August 1973
40. Belfast Newsletter, 21st June 1989

Secondary Sources:

41. BBC Rewind: Botanic Gardens Loo (bbcrewind.co.uk)
42. Brett, Charles E B (1985) Buildings of Belfast 1700-1914. Belfast: Friar’s Bush Press
43. Dictionary of Irish Architects www.dia.ie
44. Hix, John. (1974) The Glass House. London: Phaidon Press
45. Larmour, Paul (1987) Belfast: an illustrated architectural guide. Belfast: Friar’s Bush Press
46. McCracken, Eileen (1971) The Palm House and Botanic Garden, Belfast. Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society
47. Parks Committee of Belfast City Council (c1983) Botanic Gardens: The Belfast Botanic Gardens Park (Commemorative Pamphlet)
48. London Parks and Gardens www.londongardenstrust.org
49. National Library of Ireland https://catalogue.nli.ie/
50. National Museums Northern Ireland https://collections.nationalmuseumsni.org/
51. Register of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest in Northern Ireland (2022) Historic Environment Division Publication
52. Scott, Robert (2000) A breath of fresh air: the story of Belfast’s parks. Belfast: Blackstaff Press

Criteria for listing: architectural interest

Not listed

Criteria for listing: historic interest

Not listed

Evaluation

The gatescreen is similar in design to the Embankment gatescreen at Ormeau Park. There is insufficient historic fabric in this gatescreen to meet the legislative test for protection by listing. The gates fall within the Botanic Gardens Park AN-101 Register of Parks Gardens and Demesnes,